Tissue Depletion (Shosha) Meaning, Types, Symptoms
By Dr Raghuram Y.S. MD (Ay) & Dr Manasa, B.A.M.S
Shosha disease is explained by master Sushruta in the context of explaining Rajayakshma. Rajayakshma is often correlated with tuberculosis. Some doctors compare it with AIDS and other diseases with severe tissue depletion and loss of immunity.
Shosha is explained as an extended version of Rajayakshma. Master Sushruta tells that though the severe loss of tissue is common in both conditions and though they appear similar, they are different conditions due to difference in causative factors, types and symptoms. Due to their resemblance they have been explained in the same chapter.
Read – Rajayakshma – Charaka Chikitsa 8
Table of Contents
Meaning
Meaning of the word Shosha
Shosha means –
- Desiccate / desiccation
- Drying up / dryness / act of drying up
- Absorption and removal of liquids
- Destroying
- Removing liquids / watery ingredients
- Parching
- Draining
- Suction
- Wither
Read – Charaka Shosha Nidana: 6th chapter
Pathogenesis
Mechanism of disease formation of shosha disease
Shosha occurs due to depletion of the tissues and drying up of tissue-fluids. Increased dryness causes desiccation of tissues. This is due to loss of unctuousness of tissues. This possible is caused due to excessive consumption of foods and activities which have dryness qualities. Dry climate and seasons are also included.
Read – Vata Increase Caused Due to Tissue Depletion: Dhatu kshaya
Causes and Types
The causes of shoshas are –
- Excessive sexual indulgence
- Excessive grief
- Effect of old age
- Excessive exercise
- Excessive walking
- Ulcers and wounds
- Chest injury
Read – Right Time To Exercise, Benefits Of Workout As Per Ayurveda
Note: The types of shosha get their names from their causes.
Depending on the cause which causes shosha, it is of 7 types.
- Vyavaya janya shosha –excessive indulgence in sexual activities
- Shoka janya shosha – excessive grief
- Vardhakya janya shosha – ageing process, as an effect of old age
- Vyayama janya shosha – excessive physical exercise
- Adhwagamana janya shosha – excessive walking
- Vrana janya shosha – ulcers
- Urahkshata janya shosha – chest injury
Read – Aging Gracefully – The Real Secrets To Stay Young
Sanskrit Verse
Symptoms
1. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by excessive indulgence in sexual activities
Cause – excessive indulgence in sex
Master Sushruta specifies that excessive indulgence in sexual activities leads to diminution in the quality and quantity of semen. In this condition the signs and symptoms of ‘depletion of semen’ are manifested. The body gets pallor and the previous tissues get depleted i.e. retrograde depletion of tissues take place. Semen is the last tissue formed in the chronology of tissue formation. The previous tissues in retrograde way are bone marrow, bones, fat, muscles, and blood and lymph tissues. Overall depletion of tissues leads to reduced immunity.
Read – Immunity In Ayurveda: Concept, Diet, Herbs, Medicines, Exercise
Symptoms of depletion of semen are –
- Pain in the penis and testes
- Weakness
- Delayed ejaculation, in small proportions
- Bleeding from genitals during ejaculation i.e. blood mixed semen
What does the modern medicine say about this?
Below mentioned are some of the observations made in the researches related to the impact of excessive sex on health –
- Increased susceptibility to get urinary infections
- Soreness and chafing of both partners
- Pain, discomfort, low back pain
- Withdrawal and resentment
- Exertion and orgasmic headaches
- Transient global amnesia
- Postcoital Dysphoria
- Post-orgasmic Illness Syndrome
- Bacterial vaginosis
- Higher expression of a gene associated with inflammation in brain tissues
While Ayurveda has emphasized on the local symptoms, modern researches have led to the findings which are systemic and involves many condition as far as the effects of excessive sex is related to health. But when we see through the description of semen in Ayurveda and its role in the health as a tissue, we may get more clues towards its depletion to cause gross impact on overall health rather than local effect.
2. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by excessive grief
Cause – excessive grief
Below mentioned are the symptoms of excessive grief –
- Excessive and unnecessary thinking / worrying
- Looseness of the body parts
- Symptoms of desiccation of semen with the exception of the symptoms of depletion of semen i.e. pallor of the body and depletion of tissues
Read – Depression Causes, Ayurvedic Treatment, Tips And Remedies
In many people with grief the person does not eat food properly. There will be deficit nutrition to the tissues of the body and hence they are not formed in optimum quality and quantity. Gradually, with time there is destruction of tissues and severe tissue damage, most often to the quantum of non-reversal. This is dangerous for the health. The depletion of all tissues leads to lowering of immunity and susceptibility to wide array of health issues.
What modern medicine has to say about this?
Chronic grief worsens inflammation. It leads to depletion of immunity and makes the person susceptible to infections.
Broken heart syndrome – is also an effect of grief. It refers to group of symptoms similar to a heart attack.
Constant grief can lead to chronic stress which increases adrenalin and blood pressure.
Ayurveda too has mentioned ‘too much worrying’ as one of the symptom of desiccation of tissues due to grief, which probably reflects high stress.
Read – Stress Causes, Types, Tips On How To Handle Stress
Other symptoms of grief –
- Headaches
- Shortness of breath
- Vomiting sensation
- Loss of appetite
- Fatigue
- Stomach pain
- Chest pain / chest discomfort
- Dry mouth
3. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion as an effect of old age
Cause – ageing and getting old
Ayurveda has explained ageing and getting old as one of the natural diseases. All of us are bound to get old and suffer from the health issues therein with varying intensities. Immaterial of our physical constitution, vata increases in the old age. When vata increases, there is a natural tendency in the body for deterioration of quantity and quality of tissues. Kapha constitution people may bear immunity against early degeneration, but due to the age which is dominated by vata even in them, they too are bound to suffer from degeneration, destruction, desiccation and depletion of body tissues in a small proportion, while it is severe in vata people and moderate in pitta people. Old aged people will also have less appetite and less digestion capacity, therefore they eat less, hence less nutrition to the tissues and hence their desiccation. The dryness of vata naturally causes desiccation of tissues.
Read – Symptoms Of Vata Dosha Increase And Imbalance – Vata Vruddhi Lakshana
Symptoms of tissue desiccation due to old age –
- The person becomes thin
- Deterioration of the potency, strength, intelligence and strength of perception of the sense organs
- Shaking of the body / tremors
- Anorexia / loss of interest in eating food
- Voice resembling the sound made by a broken brass vessel
- Coughs without expectoration
- Heaviness of the body
- Loss of interest in doing any activities
- Continuous discharge from nose, mouth and eyes
- Dryness of feces
- Lack of facial luster
What does the modern medicine have to say?
Old age comes with its own set of problems. Most common ones are enlisted below.
- Hearing loss, osteoarthritis, diabetes, dementia etc.
- Read – Role Of Ayurvedic Doctors And Hospitals In Geriatric Care
4. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by excessive walking
Walking is also a form of exercise and when done normally, it nourishes Vata Dosha, but when excessively, it aggravates Vata Dosha and depletes body tissues.
Symptoms of tissue desiccation caused by excessive walking –
- Looseness of the body parts
- Fading and wrinkling of facial complexion
- Loss of sensation in the body parts
- Dryness of throat and mouth
5. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by excessive exercising
Excessive exercise depletes tissues. Exercise increases the dryness in the body due to desiccation of tissues and this leads to increase in vata, leading to degenerative changes.
Read – How Long To Exercise? How Much Time To Workout?
Cut off point for exercising according to Ayurveda
Ayurveda has recommended undergoing walking or physical activities like walking to one third of one’s capacity. Ayurveda has kept ‘sweating of forehead’ as threshold / breakthrough point to decide the stoppage point of exercise. One should not reach this point while doing exercise. With forehead sweating one would have reached his / her maximum capacity of exercising and also might indicate over training. One may decide the time required for forehead sweating in one’s case and stop exercising / walking before it is achieved or train to 1/3 of that time.
Read – Excessive Sweating: Ayurvedic Medicines, Home Remedies, Tips
Symptoms of tissue desiccation caused by excessive exercising
- Similar symptoms as those of desiccation of tissues caused due to excessive walking
- Symptoms of chest injury without bleeding
Strenuous and violent exercises like excessive weightlifting, excessive indulgence in wrestling, jumping, archery, swimming, riding horses and elephants etc which are beyond one’s capacity are the causes of chest injury which will be explained later in this article. When they are done without concentrating on one’s physical efficiency and limits and without taking nutritious food will cause severe symptoms like chest pain, pain in the flanks, breathlessness, dry cough etc as explained in the chest injury, without evidence of bleeding from mouth. This happens due to increased intra-thoracic pressure. When bleeding occurs the same condition will be considered as chest injury.
What has modern medicine to say in this?
Even the modern medicine is against one’s indulgence in excessive exercises and physical activities. One should not exercise beyond one’s strength and capacity.
Signs of excessive exercising
- Muscle and body fatigue
- Injuries and exhaustion
- Restless legs
- Increased stress
- Increased heart rate
- Dehydration
- Decreased appetite
- Amenorrhea
- Hormone imbalance
Read – Excessive Thirst – Ayurvedic Understanding And Treatment
6. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by ulcers and wounds
Desiccation leading to depletion of tissues takes place in a person suffering from wounds and ulcers wherein there is severe loss of blood. Severe loss of blood, pain caused due to the ulcers and wounds and due to deficit consumption of food due to pain are the three main causes which cause desiccation of tissues in those suffering from ulcers and wounds.
Severe loss of blood causes vata vitiation. If the bleeding is continuous and if clotting doesn’t occur, severe vata aggravation takes place which in turn causes desiccation of other tissues too. Excessive pain too has similar impact. It causes vata vitiation which in turn causes desiccation of tissues. When proper food is not given to those suffering from ulcers and wounds, there is less nutrition to the tissues. This leads to depletion of tissues which leads to vata vitiation. This vitiated vata causes desiccation and destruction of tissues.
Excessive blood loss is the major cause for anemia. Anemia leads to less blood supply to the body tissues and organs, loss of oxygenation and nutrition to the tissues and tissue damage. This also makes the body susceptible to wide array of disorders and infections and also lowering of immunity.
- ulcers in the stomach or small intestine,
- diverticulosis,
- polyps in large intestine, or
- cancers in the large intestine
- kidney and bladder tumors and
- heavy menstrual bleeding
Read – Heavy Periods, Menstrual Bleeding: Ayurvedic Treatment
7. Symptoms of tissue desiccation and depletion caused by chest injuries
Causes of chest injury are as follows –
- practice of pulling the strings of bow regularly
- lifting heavy weights beyond one’s capacity
- fighting with a person who is immensely strong
- falling down from heights
- forcibly trying to stop the running bulls and horses, camels and elephants
- throwing heavy and huge stones, boulders, wood, weapons etc
- wrestling with a person who is more stronger
- reading loudly
- walking briskly for long distances
- swimming across large streams of water like river, sea etc
- running alongside horses
- high and long jumps
- dancing for long durations and dancing fast for long time
- severe injury
- having excessive sex without having food or after consumption of dry foods and foods in small quantities or just getting indulged in excessive sexual acts
Read – Different Causes For Vata Dosha Imbalance, Increase
Pathogenesis – due to the one or more of the above said etiological factors, injury occurs in the chest and chest organs.
Shosha – Rajayakshma – Difference
Raja Yakshma means the ‘king of diseases’. This condition has been often compared to tuberculosis, chronic pulmonary diseases or consumption. Some experts have also compared it to some autoimmune disorders and also with AIDS.
Are rajayakshma and shosha identical conditions?
Rajayakshma and shosha appear identical because in both these conditions there is depletion of tissues of the body. But they are not similar conditions.
1. By name and definition
In the pathogenesis of rajayakshma it is said that ‘all the body tissues will get depleted and consequently the person undergoes desiccation or dried up’. Therefore in rajayakshma initially the tissues will get depleted and then the person as a whole gets desiccated.
In shosha the tissues get depleted of their fluidity and get desiccated. As a result the tissues dry up. Later they may undergo depletion.
2. By etiological factors
Below mentioned four etiological factors are mandatory in the causation of rajayakshma. Indulgence in one or more of these factors is compulsory if tissue depletion has to happen, leading to rajayakshma. They are –
- Forcibly withholding to the natural urges of the body like those of feces, urine, thirst, hunger, tears etc
- Tissue depletion as caused by etiologies like indulgence in excessive sex, starvation, excessive bleeding etc and also due to mental causes like excessive grief, jealousy etc.
- Indulgence in excessive exercises like running, wrestling, riding etc
- Irregular eating / eating without following the eating etiquettes or by breaking the rules and regulations of dieting
The etiological factors for shosha are specific to the types of shosha. Reading it the other way, a particular etiological factor will cause particular type of shosha. They are –
- Excessive indulgence in sex
- Excessive grief
- Ageing and getting old
- Excessive indulgence in exercise
- Excessive walking
- Ulcers and wounds
- Chest injury
The above said causes will lead to manifestation of tissue desiccation of the same names.
3. By pathogenesis
Rajayakshma has a pathogenesis of its own. It happens in one of the below mentioned ways –
Antero-grade deterioration and depletion of tissues – Here the doshas, mainly kapha predominant doshas will block the channels carrying rasa tissue i.e. lymph. As a result the successive tissues which should be formed in chronology i.e. blood, muscle, fat, bones, bone marrow and semen in that order, are not formed properly. There is quantitative depletion of all tissues and the person gets dried out.
Retrograde depletion of tissues – In this case, in a person who is excessively indulged in sexual activities, the semen tissue gets depleted. It is depleted in such great pace that the predecessor tissues get depleted in order to compensate for the loss of semen. As a result, all tissues undergo retrograde depletion in reverse order i.e. bone marrow, bones, fat, muscles, blood and lymph in that order. Following this the person gets dried out.
The types of shosha do not undergo such type of pathogenesis. The tissues are desiccated and wasted out due to their related etiological factors as mentioned above.
4. By types
Rajayakshma is of one type. It is also said to be of four types as caused by individual causative factor mentioned above.
Shosha is of 7 types. They carry the name of the etiological factor specifically related to them. The etiological factors have been mentioned above.
5. By premonitory symptoms
Rajayakshma has premonitory symptoms which occur before the manifestation of the actual disease. Important premonitory symptoms include short of breath, body pains, excessive salivation, dryness of mouth, loss of appetite, vomiting, intoxication, cough, excessive sleep, rhinitis etc.
Shosha doesn’t have premonitory symptoms. This means to tell that these conditions develop almost immediately or quickly after exposure to their related etiological factors while Rajayakshma goes through the chain of events constituting the pathogenesis of the disease.
6. By symptoms
Rajayakshma symptoms present in a strange way. The disease has generalized symptoms which comprises of three symptoms complex. At the same time it also has variants of presentation of symptoms in the form of a collection of 6 and 11 symptoms.
Generalized symptoms of Rajayakshma – the three symptom complex
- Raised heat / burning sensation in the region of shoulder blades and flanks
- Burning sensation in the hands and feet
- Fever with rise in temperature in the entire body
Six symptoms of Rajayakshma
- Aversion towards food
- Fever
- Shortness of breath / dyspnea / breathlessness
- Cough
- Expectoration of blood / hemoptysis
- Hoarseness of voice
Eleven symptoms of Rajayakshma
Due to vata
1. Hoarseness of voice,
2. Pain and
3. Constriction in the region of shoulder blades and flanks
Due to pitta
4. Fever
5. Burning sensation
6. Loose motions / diarrhea
7. Expectoration of blood
Due to kapha
8. Heaviness or feeling of fullness in the head
9. Aversion towards food
10. Cough
11. Pain in the throat
Shosha doesn’t present symptoms of these kinds and variants. The symptoms are specific to the cause and type of shosha. The symptoms of individual type of shosha are –
| Sl No | Type of Shosha | Symptoms |
| 1 | Caused due to excessive indulgence in sexual activities | Pallor of the body Pain in the penis and testes Weakness in performing sex Delayed ejaculation Ejaculation in small proportions Bleeding from genitals during ejaculation |
| 2 | Caused due to excessive grief | Excessive worrying Looseness of the body parts Pallor of the body |
| 3 | Caused due to an effect of old age | Thinness Deterioration of potency, strength, intelligence and sensory perception Tremors Anorexia Broken and brassy voice Cough without expectoration Body heaviness Lack of enthusiasm in activities Discharge from nose, mouth and eyes Dryness of feces Loss of facial luster |
| 4 | Caused by excessive walking | Looseness of body parts Fading of facial complexion Loss of sensation Dryness of throat and mouth |
| 5 | Caused due to excessive exercising | Similar symptoms as those caused due to excessive walking Symptoms of chest injury without bleeding |
| 6 | Caused by ulcers and wounds | Desiccation and depletion of tissues due to blood loss |
| 7 | Caused due to chest injuries | Severe pain in the chest & flanks Gradual dryness and desiccation of the body Tremors in the body parts Deterioration of strength, muscle bulk, color, taste and digestion capacity Fever Discomfort and pain in various body parts Grief Diarrhea Expectoration of blood mixed phlegm while coughing. The color of phlegm is blackish, yellow or red; the phlegm is clotted and has foul smell. |
7. By quality and quantity, in terms of cause and effect
In Rajayakshma initially there is quantitative depletion of tissues and then there is desiccation of the body parts and body as a whole, which indicates qualitative changes in the body. Depletion is cause and desiccation is effect.
In Shosha initially there is desiccation of tissue / tissues as caused by increased dryness prevailing in the body due to exposure to related etiological factor i.e. initially there is qualitative changes in the tissues. Later there may be depletion of tissues if desiccation is not controlled and normalcy not restored. Desiccation is cause and depletion is effect.
Other important points about Rajayakshma and Shosha
Are all conditions of tissue depletion considered as Rajayakshma?
If there is depletion of one or two tissues, it is not called as Rajayakshma. Tissue depletion, destruction and damage will be there in all disorders to different extent. If we consider all these conditions as rajayakshma then all diseases should be called as rajayakshma.
The rules for tissue depletion to be called as rajayakshma are –
- There should be loss of / depletion of all tissues.
- The tissue loss should have occurred due to one or more of the mentioned etiological factors.
- The loss of tissues should follow the antero-grade or retrograde pathway of pathogenesis.
- The tissue depletion should give raise to the 3 fold, 6 fold or 11 fold symptom complex.
When can a shosha be called as rajayakshma?
Any type of shosha which effects destruction of all tissues and follows one of the pathogenic routes of rajayakshma and presents with signs and symptoms of rajayakshma, it can be called as rajayakshma.
Effective decoctions for tuberculosis and wasting disorders from Sahasrayogam
Ref – Sahasrayogam, Kashaya Prakaranam, 27
a. Punarnavadi Kashayam
| Ingredients | Botanical Name | Method of using | Indications |
| Punarnava | Boerhavia diffusa | The decoction prepared with these ingredients should be served fresh | 1. Cures tuberculosis and destruction of tissues 2. Nourishes the body tissues |
| Bala | Sida cordifolia | ||
| Chavya | Piper retrofractum | ||
| Shalaparni | Desmodium gangeticum | ||
| Pippali | Piper longum | ||
| Gokshura | Tribulus terrestris | ||
| Jivanti | Leptadenia reticulata |
b. Amrutadi Kashayam
| Ingredients | Botanical Name | Method of using | Indications |
| Guduchi | Tinospora cordifolia | The decoction prepared with these ingredients should be served fresh by mixing it with the milk | 1. Tuberculosis |
| Dashamoola | Ten roots | ||
| Devadaru | Cedrus deodara | ||
| Bharangi | Clerodendron serratum | ||
| Vasa | Adhatoda vasica | ||
| Vrischira | Trianthema portulacastrum | ||
| Musta | Cyperus rotundus | ||
| Dhanvayasa | Alhagi camelorum | ||
| Bala | Sida cordifolia | ||
| Chirubilwa | Holoptelea integrifolia | ||
| Panchakola | Piper longum Piper nigrum Piper retrofractum Plumbago zeylanica Zingiber officinalis |
2. Bilwamrutadi Kashayam
Ref – Sahasrayogam, Parishishta Prakaranam, 32
| Ingredients | Botanical Name | Method of using | Indications |
| Bilwa | Aegle marmelos | The decoction prepared with these ingredients should be served fresh | 1. Tuberculosis 2. Disorders caused due to wasting of tissues |
| Guduchi | Tinospora cordifolia | ||
| Patola | Trichosanthes dioica | ||
| Bharangi | Clerodendron serratum | ||
| Kachora | Curcuma zedoaria | ||
| Ponnavaram | Cassia occidentalis | ||
| Brihati | Solanum indicum | ||
| Mustaka | Cyperus rotundus | ||
| Devadaru | Cedrus deodara | ||
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | ||
| Vasa | Adhatoda vasica | ||
| Gokshura | Tribulus terrestris |
Yogas for Rajayakshma from Sahasra Yoga Text Book
Kshyarogahara Kashaya
Panchatiktaka Guggulu Ghrita
Indukanta Ghrita
Dasanga Ghrita
Sasa Vasadi Ghrita
Dhanvantari Ghrita
Kushmanda Ghrita
Mahakushmanda Ghrita
Balashwagandhadi Taila
Lakshadi Taila
Maha Lakshadi Taila
Choornamruta Yoga
Sitopaladi Choorna
Tugadi Choorna
Ashvagandhadi Choorna
Kapittashtaka Choorna
Agnimukha Choorna
Narasimha Choorna
Draksharishta
Dasamoolarishta
Kumaryasava
Kushmanda Rasayana
Madhusnuhi Rasayana
Agasthya Rasayana
Chyavanaprasavaleha
Brihadvasavaleha
Bharngyadi Lehya
Jeerakadi Lehya (Muttu Kulambu)
Sarvarogakulantaka Rasa
Neelakanta Rasa
Jatilingadi Gutika
Dhanvantari Gutika
Bilwamrutadi kashaya
Amrutaprasa Ghrita
Pathya Apathya – Yogaratnkara
Wholesome diet and habits :
Nourishing food, cold food, food that which doesn’t cause burning sensation, light to digest food etc.
Unwholesome diet and habits :
Grief, sexual activities, anger, jealous etc.
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